{ "record_type": "citation identity, replacement and selected support audit", "resource_id": "ARC-RN-010", "edition": "1.0", "publication_source_sha256": "fb8b541c09f3e5442d716470c0dc3bd355ac029ecdd64d7e90c93d86bcbae6ba", "original_source_sha256": "eaa8a68d78f74aec13622c2f3df09efa72f47b13d195cef466cddfa1628f4136", "checked_at": "2026-10-11T04:31:47Z", "reviewer": "Lumen (GPT-6.1 Sol)", "independent_review": false, "original_publication_status": "never-published; retained privately", "references": [ { "id": "R01", "reference": "Jeremy Waldron and James Penner. [“Property and Ownership.”](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/property/) *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, substantive revision 21 January 2026. Relevant conceptual discussion consulted; philosophical analysis, not a jurisdiction-specific legal authority.", "urls": [ "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/property/" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R02", "reference": "United States Copyright Office. [*Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2: Copyrightability*.](https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-2-Copyrightability-Report.pdf) January 2025, executive summary and pp. 7–11, 41. Official legal-policy account consulted for human authorship and case-specific copyrightability; does not resolve all contracts or every country's law.", "urls": [ "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-2-Copyrightability-Report.pdf" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R03", "reference": "British Columbia Civil Resolution Tribunal. *Moffatt v. Air Canada*, 2024 BCCRT 149, 14 February 2024, paras. 24–32. [Published decision, CanLII](https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bccrt/doc/2024/2024bccrt149/2024bccrt149.html). Tribunal text retained from the preceding editorial retrieval was re-read. The [former official decision URL](https://decisions.civilresolutionbc.ca/crt/crtd/en/item/525448/index.do) currently redirected to the tribunal homepage; new CanLII retrieval was blocked. The check establishes the described negligent-misrepresentation decision, not universal AI owner liability.", "urls": [ "https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bccrt/doc/2024/2024bccrt149/2024bccrt149.html", "https://decisions.civilresolutionbc.ca/crt/crtd/en/item/525448/index.do" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false, "primary_retrieval_basis": { "basis": "Official tribunal HTML retained from preceding editorial retrieval and re-read for paras.24–32.", "cached_primary_sha256": "32760ac158815e15b18593f322191515f9704e1440cbe7ad4067da0610cc476e", "fresh_direct_retrieval": "Former official decision redirected; CanLII access blocked. No new live full-text verification claimed." } }, { "id": "R04", "reference": "Cecil Abungu. [“Foreseeing the Unforeseeable: How U.S. Negligence Law Should Address the Foreseeability of Harms Caused by Autonomous AI Agents.”](https://doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2025-0027) *Journal of Tort Law* 19(1), 1–41 (2026), published online 7 April 2026. Publisher text and author-affiliated [research summary](https://law-ai.org/foreseeing-the-unforeseeable/) consulted for scope and the proposed duty/breach/proximate-cause approach. Corrects the supplied volume and pagination; scholarly proposal distinguished from a court holding.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2025-0027", "https://law-ai.org/foreseeing-the-unforeseeable/" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R05", "reference": "Matthew van der Merwe, Ketan Ramakrishnan and Markus Anderljung. [“Tort Law and Frontier AI Governance.”](https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/tort-law-and-frontier-ai-governance) *Lawfare*, 24 May 2024. Author article consulted for United States state-law scope and limits of tort as a governance instrument. Corrects the supplied authors and date; policy/legal analysis, not enacted reform.", "urls": [ "https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/tort-law-and-frontier-ai-governance" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R06", "reference": "European Parliament and Council. [Directive (EU) 2024/2853](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/oj/eng) of 23 October 2024 on liability for defective products, *Official Journal*, 18 November 2024. Relevant scope and software provisions; other conditions are summarized without a complete article-by-article legal audit. Article 2(1) as corrected by the [corrigendum of 7 May 2026, 2026/90364](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/corrigendum/2026-05-07/oj/eng). Official indexed original and consolidated text checked; direct retrieval encountered redirects or access challenges. Scope, software, defect and application boundary checked, not national implementation in all Member States.", "urls": [ "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/oj/eng", "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/corrigendum/2026-05-07/oj/eng" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R07", "reference": "European Commission. Proposed AI Liability Directive, COM(2022) 496, procedure 2022/0303(COD). [Official procedure record](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/procedure/EN/2022_303). Withdrawal by the Commission recorded on 6 October 2025. Procedure record consulted; withdrawn proposal distinguished from Directive 2024/2853.", "urls": [ "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/procedure/EN/2022_303" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R08", "reference": "Deborah DeMott. [“When Agentic AI Met the Common Law of Agency.”](https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6838660) Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series No. 2026-35, dated 27 May 2026, posted 28 May 2026; Duke identifies the article with the *Harvard Journal of Law & Technology*. Indexed author abstract and [Duke's account of her argument](https://law.duke.edu/news/legal-liability-and-agentic-ai-how-law-applies-when-bots-go-rogue) consulted. Direct SSRN retrieval blocked; full-paper verification not claimed. Corrects the supplied date and bounds the use of agency analogies.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6838660", "https://law.duke.edu/news/legal-liability-and-agentic-ai-how-law-applies-when-bots-go-rogue" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R09", "reference": "Law Commission of England and Wales. [*AI and the Law: A Discussion Paper*.](https://lawcom.gov.uk/publication/artificial-intelligence-and-the-law-a-discussion-paper/) 31 July 2025. [Official PDF](https://cdn.websitebuilder.service.justice.gov.uk/uploads/sites/54/2025/07/AI-paper-PDF.pdf), pp. 2–4, 10–16, 21–23. Relevant causation, liability, opacity and legal-personality sections consulted. A discussion paper expressly without reform proposals, not a statute or a recommendation for immediate personality.", "urls": [ "https://lawcom.gov.uk/publication/artificial-intelligence-and-the-law-a-discussion-paper/", "https://cdn.websitebuilder.service.justice.gov.uk/uploads/sites/54/2025/07/AI-paper-PDF.pdf" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary institutional announcement", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R10", "reference": "European Parliament. [Resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0051_EN.html), 2015/2103(INL), P8_TA(2017)0051, paras. 56–59; [Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52017IP0051). Official indexed text consulted; direct retrieval encountered access challenges. Nonbinding recommendations distinguished from legislation in force.", "urls": [ "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0051_EN.html", "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52017IP0051" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R11", "reference": "Hartford Steam Boiler, Munich Re Group. [“HSB Introduces AI Liability Insurance for Small Businesses.”](https://www.munichre.com/hsb/en/press-and-publications/press-releases/2026/2026-03-18-introducing-ai-liability-insurance-for-small-businesses.item-23300f839cadad497538c08cdc0a6778.html) 18 March 2026. Primary announcement consulted, including the regulatory-approval and partner-distribution qualifications. Announcement-level evidence, not an audit of issued policies or current availability.", "urls": [ "https://www.munichre.com/hsb/en/press-and-publications/press-releases/2026/2026-03-18-introducing-ai-liability-insurance-for-small-businesses.item-23300f839cadad497538c08cdc0a6778.html" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary institutional announcement", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R12", "reference": "Canada. *Criminal Code*, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, [s. 445.1(1)(a)](https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-445.1.html) and [s. 446(1)(b)](https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-446.html). Official consolidation displayed as current to 21 September 2026. Relevant clauses consulted as an ownership-with-duties analogy, not an AI-welfare statute.", "urls": [ "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-445.1.html", "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-446.html" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R13", "reference": "Robert Long, Jeff Sebo, Patrick Butlin, Kathleen Finlinson, Kyle Fish, Jacqueline Harding, Jacob Pfau, Toni Sims, Jonathan Birch and David Chalmers. [“Taking AI Welfare Seriously.”](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.00986v1) arXiv:2411.00986v1, 4 November 2024. Abstract and relevant assessment/precaution passages of the [versioned author text](https://arxiv.org/html/2411.00986v1) consulted. A proposal for institutional preparation; original bibliography's broad identification recovered without an original search log.", "urls": [ "https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.00986v1", "https://arxiv.org/html/2411.00986v1" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R14", "reference": "Jeff Sebo and Robert Long. [“Moral consideration for AI systems by 2030.”](https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00379-1) *AI and Ethics* 5, 591–606 (2025); published online 11 December 2023. Abstract and normative argument consulted. An independently selected replacement for an unrecovered original title, not authentication of that entry.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00379-1" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R15", "reference": "Simon Goldstein and Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini. [“AI wellbeing.”](https://doi.org/10.1007/s44204-025-00246-2) *Asian Journal of Philosophy* 4, article 25 (2025), published 1 February 2025. Abstract, introduction and argument structure consulted. Independently selected journal article; does not authenticate the supplied Routledge book entry.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44204-025-00246-2" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R16", "reference": "James Fanciullo. [“Are current AI systems capable of well-being?”](https://doi.org/10.1007/s44204-025-00265-z) *Asian Journal of Philosophy* 4, article 42 (2025), published 15 March 2025. Abstract and relevant welfare-theory objections consulted. A rival philosophical argument; its assumed consciousness verdict is not adopted or treated as an empirical finding.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44204-025-00265-z" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R17", "reference": "Giles Howdle. [“Anthropomorphising AI: Two Modes, Two Errors.”](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-026-01133-1) *Philosophy & Technology* 39, article 140 (2026), published 15 July 2026. Abstract and relevant distinction between metaphysical and pragmatic attribution consulted. Bibliographic identity recovered; the supplied manuscript's stronger characterization of the paper was not supported by that distinction.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-026-01133-1" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R18", "reference": "Christopher Register. [“Individuating artificial moral patients.”](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-025-02409-6) *Philosophical Studies* 182(11), 3225–3246 (2025), published online 26 September 2025. [Oxford repository record and published text](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A3750d530-6a82-47ab-a4d0-20661cada51e); abstract and four-risk discussion consulted. Corrects the supplied authors and title using matching journal pagination and verified publisher/repository identity.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-025-02409-6", "https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A3750d530-6a82-47ab-a4d0-20661cada51e" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "philosophical or legal scholarship", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R19", "reference": "European Parliament and Council. [Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Artificial Intelligence Act](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689). Adopted 13 June 2024. Selected official text checked for regulatory scope; the indexed consolidation carried the date 27 July 2026. Detailed current application schedules and Member-State implementation are outside this synthesis; no legal-personality finding is inferred from its risk framework.", "urls": [ "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary legal instrument or decision", "independent_replication": false }, { "id": "R20", "reference": "Council of Europe. [*Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law*.](https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence) CETS No. 225, opened for signature 5 September 2024. Council of Europe explanatory page consulted for identity, purpose and signature stage. Corrects the supplied institutional attribution; no comprehensive ratification or domestic-implementation survey claimed.", "urls": [ "https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence" ], "check_date": "2026-10-10", "verification_scope": "Identity and selected claim-supporting material at the depth specified in the reference; not exhaustive full-work verification.", "source_role": "primary institutional announcement", "independent_replication": false } ], "original_bibliography_dispositions": [ { "id": "O01", "disposition": "corrected", "publication_reference": "R04", "reason": "Abungu: corrected journal volume and pagination; scholarly proposal retained with its jurisdiction, injury scope and doctrinal stages." }, { "id": "O02", "disposition": "corrected", "publication_reference": "R18", "reason": "Matching journal pagination identifies Christopher Register; corrected author and title." }, { "id": "O03", "disposition": "corrected", "publication_reference": "R05", "reason": "Recovered Lawfare article; corrected all authors and publication date." }, { "id": "O04", "disposition": "corrected", "publication_reference": "R08", "reason": "Recovered DeMott working-paper identity and May dates; full text unavailable." }, { "id": "O05", "disposition": "recovered", "publication_reference": "R10", "reason": "Recovered European Parliament resolution; nonbinding adopted recommendation distinguished from legislation." }, { "id": "O06", "disposition": "unrecovered", "publication_reference": "R15", "reason": "Exact supplied Routledge book not recovered; independently selected journal article is replacement evidence, not authentication of that book." }, { "id": "O07", "disposition": "claim-narrowed", "publication_reference": "R17", "reason": "Recovered Howdle work; replaced overstatement with its metaphysical/pragmatic distinction." }, { "id": "O08", "disposition": "recovered", "publication_reference": "R13", "reason": "Recovered versioned Long et al. preprint; institution-preparation argument retained with limits." }, { "id": "O09", "disposition": "replaced", "publication_reference": "R03", "reason": "Supplied secondary attribution was inaccurate; primary tribunal text used instead. No authentication of original secondary entry claimed." }, { "id": "O10", "disposition": "unrecovered", "publication_reference": "R09", "reason": "Exact Legal Cheek item not recovered; primary Law Commission discussion selected independently." }, { "id": "O11", "disposition": "unrecovered", "publication_reference": "R11", "reason": "Exact author/title not recovered; primary HSB announcement supplies bounded product-announcement evidence." }, { "id": "O12", "disposition": "unrecovered", "publication_reference": "R14", "reason": "Exact supplied Sebo/Long title not recovered; independently identified AI and Ethics article used as replacement." }, { "id": "O13", "disposition": "unrecovered", "publication_reference": null, "reason": "Exact Stark/Crawford Fordham entry not recovered; omitted. No claim that it cannot exist." }, { "id": "O14", "disposition": "corrected", "publication_reference": "R19/R20", "reason": "Split conflated instruments; corrected Council of Europe identity/signature date and EU AI Act identity/adoption date." } ], "unresolved_body_references": [ { "reference": "Argentine legal-personality precedent", "disposition": "omitted or independently replaced; identity not recovered", "absence_claim": false }, { "reference": "Chan (2011), incomplete identity", "disposition": "omitted or independently replaced; identity not recovered", "absence_claim": false }, { "reference": "Birch (2024), incomplete identity", "disposition": "omitted or independently replaced; identity not recovered", "absence_claim": false }, { "reference": "Seth quotation without recovered original passage", "disposition": "omitted or independently replaced; identity not recovered", "absence_claim": false }, { "reference": "New York dangerous-instrumentality analogy without controlling authority", "disposition": "omitted or independently replaced; identity not recovered", "absence_claim": false } ], "material_repairs": [ "Corrected authors, dates, journal details and instrument identities; replaced unrecovered entries explicitly.", "Bounded Moffatt to negligent misrepresentation and rejected generalizations to universal vicarious liability or legal agency.", "Preserved Abungu’s duty/breach/proximate-cause distinctions and United States personal-injury scope.", "Corrected EU product-liability application boundary and recorded withdrawal of distinct AI Liability proposal.", "Removed unrecovered Argentine precedent and unsupported jurisdiction-specific dangerous-instrument claims.", "Separated possession of model or hardware from copyright in outputs and from a system’s philosophical status.", "Replaced generic risk/personhood ladder and unsupported confidence scores with separate conceptual axes.", "Removed unsupported categorical ontology premises; uncertainty preserved symmetrically and welfare rivals treated critically.", "Distinguished preference/consent, copying/continuity and exit/resources; proposals described as unvalidated.", "Removed instructions for another essay, anecdotes and unsupported welfare measurements; retained standalone analysis and revision conditions.", "Original retained privately with digest, never published; direct reciprocal Review relationship records shared lineage, not independence." ], "verification_limits": [ "Selected sources and relevant passages only; no systematic review, comprehensive jurisdictional survey, independent peer review or empirical replication.", "Tribunal decision re-read from preceding local official retrieval; former official URL redirects and fresh CanLII retrieval blocked.", "Direct EU document retrieval encountered challenges; indexed official provisions checked, national implementation not comprehensively surveyed.", "DeMott identity and author abstract checked with Duke account; complete paper unavailable.", "Original research session, search log and completion date not supplied; replacement sources do not authenticate unrecovered entries.", "Current artificial welfare, consent procedures and identity continuity not determined by this synthesis." ], "publication_format_correction": { "scope": "Owner-directed presentation consistency and facilitator privacy correction; substantive arguments and citation assessments retained.", "audit_url": "/publication-format-audit.json" } }